Leonards arriving in British North America
There are at least seven Leonards who arrived in British North America during the period from 1630 to 1750. They are:
The earliest known work on the James Leonard genealogy was done by Dr. Perez Fobes in the late 1790s. It is said that Dr. Fobes knew the relationship of the above Leonards to each other, but, unfortunately, most of his papers were lost when he died.
Other Leonards are mentioned as coming to the New World in the early 1600s. New York State materials mention a Nathaniel Leonard who was governor of Nova Scotia in 1624.[2] Then a Henry Leonard was made governor of Nova Scotia in 1632 and went from there to Maryland. A James Leonard was transported on July 24, 1635, on the “Assurance” from Gravesend to Virginia with his son Thomas, but it is doubtful that these are “our” James and Thomas, since our James would have been about 15 and Thomas not yet born in 1635. There were also other Leonards in Maryland, although I’ve not researched them at all. And Thomas Leonard, brother of James, Henry, and Philip, came to New Jersey and may have arrived earlier by way of Connecticut or Long Island and may have had as yet undiscovered descendants.
Some Leonards related to James and Henry remained in England. Recent testing of Y-DNA categorizes their descendants in the J2 haplogroup. This haplogroup is rather rare in the British Isles -- it is not Celtic, Viking, or Saxon, but Mediterranean. A Leonard family with matching Y-DNA has been identified in the Birmingham area of England. Their family has been gun makers for generations back to a William Leonard in the late 1700s. James, Henry, and Thomas, their father, were known to have resided in nearby Bilston, Kinver, and Cleobury Mortimer and worked in iron foundries there in the early 1600s. Further research may identify a common ancestor. If direct male descendants in the various lines are found and are willing to have their Y-DNA tested, we may discover if all of these earlier lines have a common ancestor. For more information on genetic testing and Leonard genealogy, please refer to the chapter on that subject.
Records have been found in the Parish Church of Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, of the baptism of Margery, daughter of forgeman Thomas and Elizabeth Leonard, on March 13, 1624/5. This is the earliest record of a child of Thomas and Elizabeth (White) Leonard. Cleobury Mortimer is a small village on the Rea River on which there were forges.[3] Cleobury Mortimer is not far from Kinver on the Stour River, another town noted for early ironworks and Leonards.
Mary Leonard was baptized September 12, 1627, in Cleobury Mortimer and died later that year. She was also the daughter of Thomas Leonard.[4]
William Leonard was baptized there November 30, 1628, and also died later that year. Thomas was listed as “of the forge, fyner” in that record.[5] A fyner was one who was charge of the hearth where cast iron was made malleable. It is possible but undocumented that there was a second child named William who lived and remained in England. There is a marriage record of a William Leonard of Crewcarne, Somersetshire, marrying Mary Coxe on January 22, 1654. There is also the mysterious William Leonard, born about 1680-90 who married Sarah Bolton of Bridgewater, whose origins and relationships are unknown and may have been a later immigrant son or grandson of the William who remained in England.[6]
Philip Leonard’s residence in Marshfield and association with Henry Leonard in 1652 at the ironworks have been documented.[7]
Sarah Leonard, daughter of Thomas, was baptized on February 23, 1633/4 in Publow Parish, Somersetshire. Publow was also the site of an ironworks. In 1676, Sarah married Robert Fairbanks in Ireland, and they left Dublin for New Jersey in 1677. When Robert died, Sarah married John Thompson in New Jersey. Her will in 1720 confirms her relationship to Henry and Thomas Leonard of New Jersey and James Leonard of Massachusetts.[8]
Thomas Leonard, son of Thomas, was baptized on April 20, 1636, in Publow Parish. When he came to America is unknown, although it is thought that he was in New Haven, CT, before moving to Woodbridge, NJ, and that his wife’s name was Katherine. We do not know if they had children or if Thomas was engaged in ironworking trades.[9] His will mentions his wife Katherine and his kinsman Halick Codriack, but no children, save a legacy of a 2-year-old heifer to “the boy that now liveth with me” called Thomas Cromwell.
From the above, we know that the parents of Henry, James, Philip, and Thomas were Thomas Leonard and Elizabeth White. We know that Thomas was a skilled forgeman and fyner and probably trained some or all his sons in that skill. We know that Thomas moved around in the application of his skill, spending 1624-28 in Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, and 1633-36 in Publow Parish, Somersetshire. We do not know whether Thomas and Elizabeth also spent time in Pontypool, Monmouthshire (now Gwent, Wales) where Henry and James were rumored to have been born about 1618 and 1620.[10] An article by W. D. John and Anne Simox reported that James and Henry left the Hanbury ironworks at Pontypool about 1646 and migrated to the English colonies.[11] But because they left from Pontypool to come to America doesn’t mean they were born there.
Bill Barton has an excellent presentation of the facts surrounding the establishment of an iron industry in Massachusetts in the 1640s.[12] John Winthrop, son of Gov. Winthrop, sailed to England in 1641 to get the necessary support, materials, and workmen to set an ironworks in Massachusetts. The recruiting of skilled workmen, in particular, was not easy.[13] It should be remembered that the 1640s were a time of civil war in England. The Royalists drew their strength from the western shires, and Cromwell’s troops subsequently destroyed many of the forges in the area, since they had been supplying the Royalists with cannons.
We do know there were Leonards in Pontypool in the early 1600s. A Thomas Leonard is mentioned in a deed of July 29, 1633, bordering lands of John Powell, John Gerbon, and Philip Morgan in Trevethin (a parish near Pontypool, with a bridge near the swamp and pool there in 1490, the pool later becoming a forge pond). An ironworks was in operation there before 1634, when there’s a record of a complaint against John Wylde for failure to collect monies from it, instead selling iron at a discount to his friends. Thomas Morgan was recorded as selling charcoal to the forge in 1640. The ironworks was apparently owned by the Hanburys, who also owned similar works in Bilston, Staffordshire.[14]
Manning Leonard visited Europe in 1864, taking a side trip to Pontypool. He found the old records in Pontypool badly kept and uninformative about early Leonards. But he did discover several Leonards living in the area, including a John Leonard who took him to a graveyard near the ancient church of Trevethan, 2 miles north of Pontypool, where he found inscriptions from an early recording of the deaths of John and James Leonard.[15]
I also visited Pontypool in 2002 and found evidence of Leonards living in the area from the 1600s to the present day. Among the old documents in the Monmouthshire (Gwent) County Records Office in Pontypool were Gwenllian, wife of Thomas Leonard, buried on March 15, 1656; Mary Leonard married Alexander Lewis on January 26, 1656; a son of Philip Leonard was born on October 27, 1656. There is a will of Thomas Leonard, yeoman of Trevethin, proven on February 28, 1658. The inventory was signed by Morgan Leonard. None of the 11 children of “our” Thomas are mentioned in the will, so it is another Thomas Leonard.[16] Later records showed a Thomas Leonard, son of Jacob Leonard, born baptized on January 9, 1699; Ann, daughter of James Leonard, baptized on March 13, 1702; Sarah, daughter of James Leonard, baptized on March 13, 1702; and a John and Mary Leonard who died at age 84 in 1774. Another researcher has found that another James Leonard was working in the iron industry there, having three children – William, Thomas, and Anne – baptized in Trevethan between 1696 and 1703.
There are supposedly two articles by Stanley G. Leonard published before 1977 in the Pontypool Free Press: “Local Links with Early United States Iron Industry” and “The Early Iron Men of America.” I spent a number of hours at the Gwent County Records Office going through old copies of the Pontypool Free Press without finding the two articles in question. That there have been Leonards in the area for centuries is certainly well established in various newspaper articles.
My hypothesis is that at least some of the Pontypool Leonards of the 1600s are related to “our” James, Henry, and Philip, our distant cousins, if you will. The naming patterns bear striking similarities to those of James and Henry’s descendants. If earlier generations repeated names the way James’ descendants did, there would be a number of Jameses, Thomases, Johns, Philips, and the like in succeeding generations, some of whom stayed in Monmouthshire, some of whom migrated elsewhere. A more diligent researcher than I with more time to dig through Monmouthshire records and newspapers may be able to establish the facts and relationships.
There were Leonard ironworkers also in the Bilston area of Staffordshire (near Birmingham, Warwickshire) about the time of the emigration of Henry, James, Philip, and Thomas and thereafter. James Leonard’s son, Thomas, was born August 8, 1641, at Kinver, on the River Stour, near Bilston. Bilston was the center of the “Black Country” iron industry.[17] Apparently, the early Leonards left a claim to the ownership of some heavily mortgaged ironworks there.[18] Early in the 19th Century, an ironworker in Bilston by the name of James Leonard sent a letter to James Leonard, an ironworker in or near Taunton, stating that the extensive ironworks there in Bilston belonged to the Leonards. The Leonards in Taunton decided not to undertake the expense of an extended suit to regain the works.
According to Hannah Leonard Deane, the father of Thomas Leonard was Henry Leonard. Efforts to find a candidate for Henry Leonard have come to naught. There were recorded Henry Leonards in England during the appropriate time, say 1550 to 1600, but none of them appear to have been ironworkers living in Monmouthshire, Somersetshire, Shropshire, or Staffordshire. Probably the most likely candidate is one Henry Leonard who must have been a reasonably wealthy merchant in Chester, Cheshire.[19] An order dated June 2, 1618, gave him the use of 100 pounds of the City’s money on payment of 5% per year interest to set 51 poor people to work in fustian making. A further order was that if the Company of Mersers and Ironmongers would not take the 100 pounds on conditions offered by Henry Leonard, they were to refer themselves to the Mayor for such action as was thought fit. Barton notes that the only Henry Leonard listed in the Chester Freemen’s Rolls 1392-1805 is a Henry Leonard, weaver, son of Thomas Leonard, shoemaker listed as “defunct” on September 18, 1615. That Henry apparently passed away before the City’s order to (presumably) another Henry.
There appear to be many Leonard families in England, some undoubtedly related, some not, some who picked up the name in the 1200s (when surnames became necessary in the lower classes) from saints (St. Leonard), parishes named after saints, or local landmarks, such as St. Leonard’s forest in Sussex near Horsham.[20] A combination of Y-DNA testing and genealogical research indicates that there were a number of unrelated Leonards in England and elsewhere.[21]
The Lennard Descendancy Theory
There are two main theories as to the origins of “our” branch of the Leonard family. The one most frequently encountered is that we descended from Henry Lennard, 12th Lord Dacre. The second is that we descended from French ironworkers imported during the 1400s to bring the new ironmaking technology to England. Although I am not a fan of the Dacre origin, I feel it is only fair to present it, in that it is so widespread. True or not, many Leonards seem to want to believe it.
This theory gets expressed two ways:
Henry Lennard, the 12th Lord Dacre, was born about the right time to be “our” Henry. He was christened March 25, 1569 in Chevening, Kent, and buried August 9, 1616, in Chevening. He married May 21, 1590, Chrysigona Baker at St. Stephen and St. Benedict Sherehog, London. They had six children, none of whom were named Thomas.
George Leonard of St. John, New Brunswick, son of Rev. Nathaniel Leonard of Plymouth, pursued a similar theory, along with his cousin, George Leonard of Norton, MA, after the Revolutionary War.[22] To quote a letter of his written in 1798, “From everything I can collect – from old records in England, at the Herald’s Office, and among the late Lord Dacre’s papers, who was very attentive to me, and where I found free access to his Lordship’s library and other parts of his houses in town and country, where his papers were deposited, for information; and who was very anxious that some of our family inherited some of the vacant titles. From which I find that one of our ancestors, Henry Leonard, came to America about the time that the Earl of Warwick obtained a large grant of land near Boston, which was in 1626; from about which time to the year 1638, a great number of respectable people came over from England to avoid the dissentions there. Amongst those was Lord Leith (Leigh) who afterward returned, and two daughters of the Earl of Lincoln, Lady Susan and Lady Arabella, with their husbands, who continued in the country; together with many others that were of good families and fortunes. The spirit of emigration and religious enthusiasm so greatly prevailed in that day that a very considerable number of young gentlemen and ladies of the first connections in England left, or rather absconded from their parents. Among these we have reason to think was Henry Leonard, one of our grandfathers, who left England about that time, as a copy of a letter was found directed to him from his friend (a young gentlemen) Sir Brian Jansen, whom he left in England, and who was supposed to be acquainted with his going out, who congratulates him upon getting away before the order of the King in Council was issued, in February 21, 1633, to prevent any further emigration to America. It’s probable that, on his arrival, he concealed his name some time from the knowledge of his friends in England. Thus far, I have traced our grandfather’s grandfather, and must leave you to continue the chase in the regular line to the present day.”[23]
The problem with this is that we’ve found no record of said Henry in Massachusetts in the records of the period. Even if we had, this Henry would have been born and living 40 or 50 years too late to be the great-grandfather mentioned by Hannah Leonard Deane and could not have been the father of “our” Thomas Leonard.
The Thomas Lennard who was the son of Sampson Lennard was christened May 23, 1577 in Sevenoaks, Kent, and was buried November 16, 1638. He was never married. His will appointed his brother-in-law, Sir Francis Barnham, his executor, and left the residue of his property to his godson, Thomas Lennard, who was his grandnephew, being the second son of Richard Lord Dacre.[24] Fanny Leonard Koster appears to subscribe to the theory that this Thomas Leonard, son of Sampson and born in 1577, was the Thomas Leonard who was the father of “our” Henry and James.[25]
Unfortunately, this theory is repeated frequently on the World Wide Web. The erroneous information is that Thomas Lennard married Lydia White, lived in Pontypool, and had Thomas Leonard’s children. The theory of a direct D’Acre-Lennard ancestry has been discounted by genealogist Donald Lines Jacobus.[26]
But it may be possible that great-grandfather Henry and grandfather Thomas Leonard did descend from earlier Leonard offshoots before Henry Lennard, Lord Dacre. Thomas Lennard-Barrett alludes to other branches in his letter.[27] The Lennards have been traced back to George Lennard, born about 1422, died 1462, and married Matilda. Their son John Lennard, Esquire, born about 1459 in Knole, Kent, died 1530, married Anne Bird who was born about 1458 in Middlesex, England.
John had at least three male children, John, William and George. John was born 1479 in Knole, Kent, and married Catherine Weston. They had at least two male offspring. He became Prothonotary of North Wales. William was born 1482 in Heathfield, Sussex. I’ve found no information about his marriage or possible children. George was born about 1483 in Yorkshire, England. Again, I have no information about his marriage or children.
John and Catherine’s two sons were John and Thomas. John was born 1508 in Chevening, Kent, and died March 12, 1590, in Chevening, Kent. He married about 1538 in Knole, Kent, Elizabeth Harmon, who was born 1520 in Elam, Crayford, England, the daughter of William Harmon, and died October 18, 1585 in Chevening, Kent. John was a barrister of Lincoln’s Inn and High Sheriff. I’ve found little information about Thomas, who was of Northampton and married a woman whose first name whose first name unknown but had the surname Snowball.
John and Elizabeth had at least 12 children and perhaps more: Sampson, Dorothy, Timothy, Samuel, Mary, Elizabeth, Rachel, Benjamin, Anne, Thomas, Francis, and William (some names repeat, and I’m not sure if those are children who died young). Sampson married Margaret Fiennes, Baroness Dacre, and Sampson’s eldest son, Henry, became Baron Dacre when his mother died. That’s the line to which many ascribe the Leonard descendancy. But with six other male children of John and Elizabeth, not to mention descendants from earlier generations, there are certainly other possibilities.
There is also an association of the Lennard lands with ironworks. There was an ironworks and forge on the Herstmonceux estate in 1574. In 1626 patent rights for making steel were granted to Sampson Lennard’s grandson, Richard Lennard, Lord Dacre, who died at Herstmonceux in 1630 and is buried there. There were also extensive ironworks near Chevening, in the western part of Kent on the Sussex line. Queen Elizabeth (Reign 1559-1603) urged persons acquainted with the iron business to go to Monmouthshire to develop the iron there. There are even Monmouthshire connections for the Lennards. Rachel, daughter of John Lennard, Esquire, of Knole, Kent, married Edward Neville, 6th Lord of Abergavenny.[28]
What makes a Lennard origin for our ironworkers doubtful is the fairly rigid class structure in England at that time. It seems unlikely that a baron or gentleman or his descendants would voluntarily lower themselves into the physical labor class of ironworking. Also, because of the inheritances and property involved, the descendancy of the upper two classes, nobility and knights/gentlefolk, were carefully tracked. On the other hand, English primogeniture assured that titles and property went to the eldest living son, and with large families other children had to be accommodated in some way to survive economically.
Researchers Brian Awty and William Barton posit that “our” Henry Leonard was baptized on January 1, 1561/2 at Etchingham, Sussex.[29] This part of Sussex was a center for iron refining in the 1500s and has been extensively researched by the Wealden Iron Research Group, in particular the role of French citizens imported to apply new technologies in iron refining.[30] According to Barton’s research, Martin Lenard, alias Quintin, a fyner, was the father of Henry and John. Martin’s father was Quintin Leonard. Martin was buried at Burwash, Sussex, on March 2, 1591/2. His son, Henry, had an unnamed son, perhaps Thomas, baptized February 22, 1590/91, at Fletching, Sussex. Henry doesn’t appear thereafter among the Wealden Leonards and may have moved to the West of England on Queen Elizabeth’s advice. He may be the Henry of Hannah Leonard Deane’s account.
The development of the new iron refining technology occurred in Belgium and neighboring Picardy, France, in the 1300s and 1400s. Quintin is a town in Picardy. Aliases were frequent in that era, often a reference to where a person lived, as in “de Quintin.” Another site of an ironworks was near Lyon, France. Lyonarde is a name applied to someone from Lyon and perhaps the origin of the Leonard name, as many surnames during that period were derived from where someone lived. The first record of a Leonard in ironwork occurs in Le Vaumain, where Robert Lienart was ironfounder in 1503.[31] The denization rolls from the 1544 mention a John Lyonarde, French born, “a finer,” in England 30 years as of July 1, 1544 and a James Lenarde, born in Picardy, working in the King’s Forge at Newbridge.[32] Much of northeastern France was part of the English crown during the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, so an appreciation of the new technology and its advantages, particularly for warfare, would be known to those back in England.
Considerable research has been done by Brian G. Awty, on the development of the iron industry in Sussex, primarily from the historical rather than the genealogical viewpoint, although I do have a copy of some of his genealogical notes concerning the Leonards in Sussex in the 1500s and 1600s. His research appears to be both thorough and promising, and his book, when it appears, may give us some new insights into our Leonard, Lennard, Lenard, or Lyonarde ancestry. The Leonards were but one of several families with the tradition of refining iron ore. These same families, the Prays, Vintons, Tylers, Pinions, Leonards, and Russells, are found in the ironworks of France, England, and eventually Massachusetts in the 1500s and 1600s.[33]
We also know that the setting up, organizing, and managing an ironworks with that technology required a reasonably high degree of sophistication and ability in those times. An ironworks would easily employ 200 people, including the provision of iron ore and charcoal for the hearths. Maintaining accounts required recordkeeping that demanded literacy. Henry Leonard was illiterate, which may have been the cause of some of his difficulties with lawsuits. That James’ children could read and write is well established, but whether this capability extended back to earlier generations is unknown.
Those of you who have delved into old records and the development of the English language know that standardized English spelling came along well after the 1600s. Recorders wrote words as they heard them by their own rules. The “Great Vowel Shift” that occurred in the 15th and 16th Centuries may have influenced the phonics by which writers spelled. Regional dialects exerted an influence. The Barrett-Lennards seemed quite meticulous about their spelling of Lennard, probably because most of them could read and write. Other Leonards were probably left to the mercy of the scribe.
One might guess that Quintin, Martin, and Henry all had several children, married English wives, and were rather thoroughly anglicized by the late 1500s. One could also guess that passing on from father to son the knowledge and skills involved in ironworking was essential for economic survival. But this is all speculation.
We know what Hannah Leonard Deane stipulated as the origins of the James, Henry, and Philip Leonard lines, and her stipulations are backed up by independent findings. We are reasonably sure that the father of James, Henry, and Philip (and others) was Thomas Leonard, a forge man and fyner, who moved around setting up or managing ironworks. We have only Hannah’s word that Thomas’ father was Henry; we don’t know whether Thomas had brothers or cousins; we don’t know the origins of Henry and Thomas, and we don’t know how Thomas or perhaps his forebears got into the iron refining business.
Perhaps if we pool our knowledge, locate some English researchers looking for Leonard origins, and have some luck on our side, we can learn something more definitive about the pre-American origins of our Leonard ancestors. A combination of historical analysis and genealogical references from old documents may show a trail. Another tool that may eventually help us discover earlier origins is Y-DNA analysis. We know the Leonard haplogroup and subclade identification, as well as the pattern of single tandem repeats around which James Leonard descendants and descendants of a common ancestor in England are clustered. We may eventually find those patterns repeated in a French or Belgian or perhaps even an Italian line of Leonards. Y-DNA testing has the potential to trace the direct male Leonard line back to its Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origins.
[1]His research can be found on http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~bart/LEONARD3.htm.
[2] A GenForum query asked for information about the parents of a John Leonard who was born or moved to Avalon, Nova Scotia, in 1615. The inquirer said that he had his father down as a Nathaniel Leonard who was killed in an iron works accident near Pontypool, Wales. I’ve not been able to find further information.
[3] William Barton, “Pre-American Ancestry of Our Leonard Ironworkers,” http://freepages, genealogy.rootsweb.com/~bart/LEONARD2.htm, downloaded 6/8/2004. His source is “Baptisms, Marriages & Burials, 1601 - 1648 & 1648 - 1654, Parish Church of Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire, England, LDS film #18886035, item 12.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Ibid
[6] That the early Leonards managed to remain in contact with relatives still in the Old World in the 1600s is evident by Sarah Leonard’s coming to New Jersey to be near Henry and Thomas Leonard. ECL had a letter from James Leonard of Bristol, Somersetshire, to Samuel Leonard, son of Thomas Leonard, eldest son of James Leonard, answering an inquiry by Samuel as to the terms by which James of Bristol would come to America as an expert Ironmaster. Source: undated typescript left by GML.
[7] Winifred L. Holman, “Descendants of Samuel Hills: A Supplement to the Hills Family in America, 1957, pp. 67-71, from the work of Bill Barton, “Pre-American Ancestry of Our Leonard Ironworkers,” op. cit. pp. 4-5. Bill Barton’s sources include Alice A. Everett’s “Leonards of Monmouthshire & Somersetshire, England,” TAG, 1977, 53:103, and Lewis D. Cook, “Origins of James and Henry Leonard,” TAG, 1933-34, 10:200-201.
[8] Ibid., p. 5
[9] Ibid., p. 5
[10] Parish records for Monmouthshire are rare in the first half of the 17th Century and commence in1652 in Trevethin near Pontypool.
[11] W. D. John & Anne Simox, “Pontypool & Usk Japanned Ware with the Earl History of the Iron and Tinplace Industries at Pontypool, (1953/1966), 9: “About the year 1646, two very capable forgemen left the Hanbury ironworks at Pontypool and migrated to the New England colonies; these were James and Henry Leonard, descendants of John Leonard (Lyonarde), a Frenchman who arrived in England in1514 and had constructed some of the early water-driven blast furnaces in the Wealden District of sout-east England...” If only we knew where they got their information about the ancestry of James and Henry!
[12] William Barton,”The Establishment of the Iron Industry in America,” http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~bart/LEONARD1.htm.
[13]Ibid.
[14] Richard Hanbury Tenison, “The Hanburys of Monmouthsire, “ National Library of Wales, 1995 Unfortunately, the book does not mention the Leonards, rather concentrating on the Hanbury family.
[15] Manning Leonard, “Memorial: Genealogical, Historical, and Biographical of Solomon Leonard, 1637, Duxburyand Bridgewater,” 1896, p. 19.
[16] Barton, “Pre-American Origins of the Leonard Ironworkers, p. 6, and my own research in the Central Records Office in Monmouthshire.
[17] Circumstantial evidence of a Kinver connection for James is that he named one of his hearths Whittington (later corrupted to Whittenton). Whittington is just across the river Stour from Kinver.
[18] William R. Deane, “Genealogical Memoir of the Leonard Family,” NEHGS Register, 1851, 5:404.
[19] Barton, op. cit., p. 6
[20] St. Leonard, the patron saint of prisoners, captives, and slaves, was a nobleman in the court of King Clovis I in the first half of the 6th Century.
[21] See http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/Leonard.htm.
[22] As did Daniel Leonard while he was in London in the early 1780s. For the Loyalists, finding a legitimate claim to a vacant peerage would have been quite advantageous. But none succeeded.
[23] NEHGS Register, 1953, 7:73,Memoirs of Prince’s Subscribers
[24]Sources: Web site http://members.aol.com/jatappero/lennard.htm (web site no longer working) from “Thomas Barnum, His Ancestors and Descendants,” v. 1:4 July/August1998, and Thomas Barrett-Lennard, “An Account of the Families of Lennard and Barrett,” compiled largely from original documents, printed for private circulation, 1908, LDS Fiche #6036475.
[25] Koster, “Annals of the Leonard Family,” 1911, p. 203.
[26] Donald Lines Jacobus, “Pre-American Ancestries: The Leonard Family of Taunton, Massachusetts,” TAG, 1933/34, 10:162-66. Also, Alice Allen Everett, “Leonards of Monmouthshire and Somersetshire, England,” TAG, 1977, 53:101-104.
[27] Letter to Elisha Clark Leonard from Sir Henry Barrett-Lennard dated 5 May 1894, appended to the ECL-GML manuscript.
[28] John S. Wurts, “Magna Carta Series, Parts I & II,” p. 254.
[29] Barton, “Pre-American Ancestryof Our Leonard Ironworkers,” p. 7.
[30] See Brian G. Awty, “The Continental Origins of the Wealden Ironworkers,” The Economic History Review, 2nd series, Vol. xxxiv, #4, November 1981; Brian G. Awty, “Aliens in the Ironworking Areas of the Weal: The Sussex Rolls, 1524-1603 (Wealden Iron Research Group Bulletin, 1984), 2nd series, 4:13-17 & 23 & 73; Brian G. Awty, “Provisional Identification of Ironwokers among French Immigrants Listed in the Denization Rolls of 1541 & 1544 (Wealden Iron Research Group Bulletin, 1979) 2-10; Ernest Straker, “Wealden Iron,” 1931, and Henry Cleere & David Crossley, “The Iron Industry of the Weald,” 1995.
[31] LeBlond and Tremblot, Dcuments notaries, n. 357.
[32] Ernest Strakes, “Wealden Iron,” 1931, p. 342.
[33] Robert E. Bowman, “Glimpses into the English and Continental Origins of Certain Braintree and Saugus Ironworkers of about 1650,” The Essex Genealogist, May 2000, pp. 1-16.